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世卫正式宣布:阿斯巴甜可能致癌!
2023-07-18 15:19:43

据世卫组织官网14日消息,国际癌症研究机构(IARC)、世界卫生组织(WHO)和粮食及农业组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)今天发布了阿斯巴甜对健康影响的评估结果。

IARC引用了对人类致癌的“证据有限”,将阿斯巴甜归类为可能对人类致癌(IARC 2B组),JECFA则重申了40mg/kg体重的可接受每日摄入量

A committee of 25 international experts has determined that aspartame may "possibly" cause cancer in people, according to a report released Thursday by the World Health Organization.

aspartame [əˈspɑrteɪm] n.阿斯巴甜代糖

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▍世界卫生组织:阿斯巴甜危害及风险评估结果发布

世卫组织官网称:国际癌症研究机构援引对人类致癌性的“有限证据”,将阿斯巴甜归为可能对人类致癌之列(国际癌症研究机构第2B组),联合专家委员会重申其每日允许摄入量为每公斤体重40毫克。

Citing “limited evidence” for carcinogenicity in humans, IARC classified aspartame as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2B) and JECFA reaffirmed the acceptable daily intake of 40 mg/kg body weight.

carcinogenic [ˌkɑrsnəˈdʒenɪk]  adj.致癌的

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图源:视觉中国

这是国际癌症研究机构首次对阿斯巴甜进行评估,也是联合专家委员会对其开展的第三次评估。

阿斯巴甜是一种人造(化学)甜味剂artificial sweetener,自20世纪80年代以来广泛用于各种食品和饮料制品,包括减肥饮料、口香糖、明胶、冰淇淋、酸奶等乳制品、早餐麦片、牙膏和止咳药水和维生素咀嚼片等药物。

Aspartame is an artificial (chemical) sweetener widely used in various food and beverage products since the 1980s, including diet drinks, chewing gum, gelatin, ice cream, dairy products such as yogurt, breakfast cereal, toothpaste and medications such as cough drops and chewable vitamins.

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图源:东方IC

世卫组织营养和食品安全司司长Francesco Branca博士说。“对阿斯巴甜的评估表明,虽然在常用量方面安全性不是主要问题,但已对潜在影响作了描述,需要通过更多更好的研究来进行调查。”

“The assessments of aspartame have indicated that, while safety is not a major concern at the doses which are commonly used, potential effects have been described that need to be investigated by more and better studies,” said Dr Francesco Branca, Director of the Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, WHO.

联合专家委员会得出结论,所评估的数据表明没有充分理由改变以往确定的阿斯巴甜每公斤体重0-40毫克这一每日允许摄入量。因此,委员会重申,人们可在这个每日限量内放心食用。

例如,假设没有其他方面的食物摄入,一罐含有200或300毫克阿斯巴甜的减肥软饮料,一位体重70公斤的成人每天要饮用9-14罐以上才会超过每日允许摄入量。

据此前消息,6月29日,路透社援引两位知情人士消息称,世界卫生组织(WHO)下属的国际癌症研究机构将于7月宣布阿斯巴甜为“可能致癌物”(possibly carcinogenic to humans)。消息一出,引发网友热议,相关话题也登上了热搜榜第一。

五类致癌因素


目前,国际癌症研究机构(IARC)依据患癌几率的高低将致癌因素分为五类:

1类:对人类有确认的致癌性

2A类:对人类很可能有致癌性

2B类:有可能对人类致癌

3类:尚不能确定其是否对人体致癌

4类:对人体基本无致癌作用

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图源:东方IC

早在今年5月,世卫组织发布一份关于非糖甜味剂的新指南,建议不要使用阿斯巴甜、安赛蜜、糖精等甜味剂来控制体重或降低非传染性疾病风险。

In May, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a recommendation against the use of non-sugar sweeteners (NSS) for weight control or for reducing the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).

世卫组织指出,对现有证据的系统性回顾表明,使用非糖甜味剂在降低成人或儿童体脂方面没有任何长期益处。长期使用非糖甜味剂可能存在潜在不良影响,如增加2型糖尿病、心血管疾病患病率和成人死亡率的风险。

The WHO guideline is based on the findings of a systematic review of the available evidence, which suggests that the use of NSS does not confer any long-term benefit in reducing body fat in adults or children. Results of the review also suggest that there may be potential undesirable effects from long-term use of NSS, such as an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and mortality in adults.

数十年来争议不断


围绕阿斯巴甜对健康的影响,数十年来争议不断。

在致癌性方面,美国“公众利益科学中心”2013年发表声明说,动物实验发现阿斯巴甜可能导致白血病、淋巴癌等癌症,它不应出现在食品供应体系中。然而,尽管一些动物实验称阿斯巴甜有诱发肿瘤的作用,但JECFA、美国食品和药物管理局等此前评估认为阿斯巴甜对动物无致癌作用。美国癌症学会此前指出,多项人体研究表明,阿斯巴甜与癌症风险增加之间没有关联。

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图源:视觉中国

欧洲拉马奇尼基金会2006年发布的研究显示,实验鼠长期摄入每公斤体重100毫克的阿斯巴甜,可引起多种癌症,包括淋巴细胞瘤、白血病、神经鞘瘤。但美国和欧盟委托有关机构审核评估了这项实验的原始数据后否认其结果解释,不认可阿斯巴甜有致癌作用。

A study from the Ramazzini Institute in Italy in the early 2006 reported that some cancers in mice and rats were linked to aspartame. However, questions have been raised about the methodology of the second study, including by EFSA, which assessed it.

美国哈佛大学公共卫生学院与奥地利路德维希·波尔兹曼研究所等机构2012年发布在《美国临床营养学杂志》的一项研究称,与不饮用无糖汽水的人相比,每天饮用一杯以上含阿斯巴甜的无糖汽水的人会增加患白血病风险;与不饮用无糖汽水的男性相比,每天饮用一杯以上含阿斯巴甜的无糖汽水的男性会增加患非霍奇金淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤的风险。不过这项研究也存在争议。

Harvard researchers in 2012 reported in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition a positive association between aspartame intake and increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma in men, and for leukemia in men and women.

在神经毒性方面,尽管有报告称在给动物大剂量阿斯巴甜后可能会改变中枢神经系统神经递质的水平,但大量动物实验和人群流行病学资料均未显示神经行为方面的疾病和症状与摄入阿斯巴甜有关。遗传毒性实验未发现阿斯巴甜会导致突变作用,未见致畸性和生殖毒性。

此外,有专家认为,阿斯巴甜虽然不像蔗糖那样有热量,但同样可能导致肥胖风险增加。

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图源:视觉中国

搅动食品行业


世卫组织发布此次公告之前,关于IARC这个组织的作用以及甜味剂安全性的讨论一直都存在。

国际甜味剂协会秘书长弗朗西斯·亨特-伍德Frances Hunt-WoodIARC不是一个食品安全机构,阿斯巴甜是历史上研究得最透彻的成分之一,全球有90多家食品安全机构宣布它是安全的,包括欧洲食品安全局,它对阿斯巴甜进行了迄今为止最全面的安全评估。”

“IARC is not a food safety body,” said Frances Hunt-Wood, the secretary general of the International Sweeteners Association. “Aspartame is one of the most thoroughly researched ingredients in history, with over 90 food safety agencies across the globe declaring it is safe, including the European Food Safety Authority, which conducted the most comprehensive safety evaluation of aspartame to date.”

该机构的成员包括可口可乐旗下的玛氏箭牌和嘉吉公司,该机构表示“对IARC的审查感到严重担忧,这可能会误导消费者”。

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图源:视觉中国

国际饮料协会理事会执行主任凯特·洛特曼(Kate Loatman)表示,此举“可能会不必要地误导消费者消费更多的糖,而不是选择安全的无糖和低糖”。

The International Council of Beverages Associations executive director, Kate Loatman, suggested the move “could needlessly mislead consumers into consuming more sugar rather than choosing safe no- and low-sugar options”.

Source:中国日报双语新闻

 
 
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